No doubt you’ll have seen the headlines about how banks are paying higher junior and starter salaries than at any point since the global financial crisis. They’re also keen to address work-life balance issues in the battle for talent. But if you want a new job in banking , or are looking to enter the industry, bear in mind it’s still one of the most competitive industries to work in.
When it comes to recruitment, banks are notoriously fussy. B Their application process is also notoriously convoluted: you can expect digital interviews, psychometric test games, individual interviews and ‘Superdays’/Assessment centres. Along the way, you’ll be quizzed about your motivation, technology and “fit” (personality). At every stage of the process, you might get dinged. So, how can you prepare?
Below we have a very comprehensive list of banking interview questions. They’re drawn from interviews at J.P. Morgan, Goldman, Deutsche, UBS and…elsewhere.
Most of the questions listed are entry-level. Clearly, the greater your seniority and specificity, the more idiosyncratic the questions you’ll be asked and the greater the effort your interviewer will make to establish that you can genuinely ‘add value’ to the role you’re interviewing for. For junior jobs, expect to be quizzed on your knowledge of finance and interest in the industry. However, even if you’re a graduate interviewing for an analyst position in an investment banking division, you’ll need to know how to answer the technical questions below, and if you’re interviewing for a sales and trading role you’ll need to be able to answer all the questions in the markets list. For all roles, expect to be asked about ethics, ‘cultural fit,’ and why you want that role at that bank instead of others.
If you can answer all the questions below, you’ll be in with a chance.
The ‘why banking’ questions
Banking is notoriously hard work. If you’re an entry-level candidate, recruiters will therefore want to ensure that you know what you’re letting yourself in for. When you’re answering ‘why banking’ questions, you need to be original and specific. ‘Avoid stating the generic’ says Mergers and Inquisitions. It helps to reference bankers you’ve spoken to (especially if they work for the firm you’re interviewing with) and the extent to which they inspired you. Talk about your passion for the industry. For example, explaining why you think banking is more rewarding than consulting.
When you’re interviewing for a role in M&A in particular, you need to show that you’re “super-committed,” says Derek Walker, an independent careers consultant and a former director of campus recruitment at Barclays and of staffing for the investment bank at Merrill Lynch (before it was combined with BofA). “Corporate finance interviews don’t want to hear that you’re seeing their role as a means to something else,” adds Walker. “If you go into corporate finance, you’re going to have to work really, really hard and if you’re not absolutely passionate about it you’re not going to be willing to work long hours.”
1. I can see you’re entrepreneurial, but you want to work in banking. Why is that?
2. What attracts you to a career in banking?
3. What kind of lifestyle do you expect to have in banking?
4. Why have you chosen banking over consulting?
5. Do you know what you’re letting yourself in for?
6. What would you be doing if you weren’t in finance?
7. Do you know about the investment banking lifestyle? Why don’t you have a problem with it?
The ‘why this bank’ questions
Don’t just regurgitate easy to find information in the public realm. Do make sure you do in-depth research – recruitment advisors suggest talking to existing employees so that you can use specific information about what it’s like to work for that firm. We provide a list of other information sources here.
“Unfortunately, people don’t always bother doing the most basic research on the company,” says the head of recruitment at one international bank. “What’s really needed here is something that explains why you think the bank you’re applying for is different to and better than the rest.” You’ll need to research every bank you’re interviewing with, he says. Your answers need to be specific: you need to find something that makes the bank stand out and to go with that. In the case of Nomura, for example, you might say you want to work for a bank with strong Asian connections so that you have exposure to the Asian market.
8. What are some of the most significant deals our bank has completed in the last 12 months?
9. What is our current stock price?
10. What do you think this bank’s biggest regulatory threats are at the moment?
11. What do you see as the strengths and weaknesses of this business/division?
12. What differentiates our firm?
13. Who’s our major competitor? How do we measure up? What are the risks and opportunities we face?
14. Tell me everything you know about our business model.
15. Which area of our business is strongest?
16. Who’s our CEO?
17. What’s the most important thing affecting this bank now?
18. what’s our climate policy?
The ‘why this job’ questions
Rather than focusing on why you want the job in question, here you need to focus on what you can bring to it. What, specifically, have you done in the past that will suit you to performing well in this job in the future? Having said that, you need a detailed understanding of the requirements of the job in order to respond aptly.
19. What do you think this position requires, and how well do you match those requirements?
20. Why should we hire you?
21. What do you think this job entails?
22. I just interviewed someone from Harvard with 4.0 GPA, previous internships at a top bank and a top MF. He was a varsity captain as well. Why should I hire you over him?
The brainteasers
Answering brainteaser questions is about method and attitude, says Mark Hatz, an ex-Goldman Sachs and Perella Weinberg associate who now offers advice on preparing for investment banking interviews. Banks want to hear your thought processes and to see that you’re flexible enough to attempt a solution. This is particularly the case for question 20 – where there is no hard answer.
23. How many pigs are there in China?
24. A snail climbs a 10-foot pole. It climbs three feet every day and sleeps at night. While sleeping, it slides down by one foot. When does it reach the top?
You might think the snail climbs a net of two feet a day and so reaches the top of the 10 foot pole at the end of five days. This is wrong. On the morning of day five, the snail starts out at the eight-foot mark after sliding down from the nine-foot mark overnight. It reaches the top of the pole two thirds of the way through the fifth day and then stops, because there’s nowhere else to go.
25. You have eight red socks and 11 blue socks in a drawer. They are identical but for the colour. You must select your socks in the dark. How many socks, at a minimum, must you take out of your sock drawer before you have a matching pair?
The answer is three. Two socks can be different, but the third sock must always match one of the first two.
26. A lily pad doubles in size every minute, it takes one hour for the lily pad to cover an entire pond. How long did it take for the lily pad to cover only a quarter of the pond?
The answer is 58 minutes.
27. How do you find the heaviest ball from a collection of eight balls with the fewest number of weighing sessions?
The answer is two weighings. Click here to see the methodology.
28. We have a cup of water and you drink a half of it. I drink the half of what’s left. Then you drink the half of that. The process continues until the water has gone. How much more water do you drink than me?
29. A swimming pool has two pipes coming in. One fills the pool in four hours, the other in six hours. An outlet pipe empties the pool in five hours. The outlet pipe is accidentally left open. In how many hours is the pool full?
30. What’s the potential market size for the coffee shop in this building?
31. “A windowless room contains three identical light bulbs. Each is connected to one of three switches outside the room. Each bulb is switched off. You are outside the room and the door to the room is closed. You have one opportunity to flip any of the external switches. When you’ve flipped one you can go into the room and look at the lights, but you can’t touch the switches again. How can you tell which switch goes to which light?”
32. If you wanted to make the most money, would you own a laundromat or parking lot? Include qualitative and quantitative
The market knowledge questions
Current market knowledge can’t be prescriptive – by definition it changes all the time. Make sure you know current key market metrics and have opinions about market trends and a selection of investment ideas.
33. What’s a credit default swap?
34. What’s the yield of a bond?
35. What’s the difference between bond yield and bond spread
36. Why would you purchase stock X instead of bond Y?
37. What’s duration? Is a shorter duration better than a longer duration? Why, or why not?
38. What’s the main factor dictating movements in the yield of short-term U.S. bonds?
39. Pitch me a stock.
40. What is the forward rate?
41. What is convexity?
42. What is the Dow Jones Industrial Average/FTSE as of today’s opening bell?
43. What is the Bank of England base rate/Fed funds rate as of this morning?
44. What’s the different between prop trading and market-making? (We have an explanation of this here).
45. Why would you or would you not invest in Facebook?
46. How will Joe Biden’s policies affect the stock market and M&A climate?
47. Where are the 1-year, 5-year, and 10- year Treasury yields?
48. Would you invest in UK real estate now?
49. What do you think is going to happen with interest rates over the next six months?
50. What has the market been doing? Why? What do you think it will do in the coming 12 months?
51. Tell me about some stocks you follow. Why should I buy them? What’s their story?
52. What is the yield curve? What does a flattening yield curve say about the economic outlook?
53. What does the yield curve look like now?
54. What major factors drive M&A? What are the major factors driving M&A in your sector? How do you see them evolving in the next year?
55. Where is the market (for bonds/equities/FX)
56. Why is inflation important and how do you hedge against it?
57. Where do you see the euro in 2022?
58. Where do you think the global economy is headed?
59. What’s happening to the oil market? How will this impact other markets?
60. What happens when the Fed really starts increasing interest rates?
61. I’ve been in a coma for nine months and just woke up. Tell me what’s happening to the global economy.
62. The ECB stops quantitative easing. What happens to the markets for equities, rates and credit and why?
63. Is quantitative easing connected to the oil price? How?
64. What’s Sofr?
65. What’s the Fed funds rate?
66. What do you understand by the term ‘fixed income replacement?’ (for alternative investment managers)
The past experience questions
Before you step into a finance interview, you need to know your CV inside out. Make sure you can answer detailed questions about any and every aspect (your choice of university and university course, your experiences as an intern, how you added value in a previous role) of your CV. Be prepared to use the S.T.A.R. technique to frame responses to questions about your past. You’ll need some examples of situations you were in, tasks you were asked to perform, actions you took and results you achieved.
67. Walk me through a deal you did in the past six months.
68. Walk me through your CV/resume without looking at it.
69. Why did you leave your last position?
70. What have been your failures and what have you learned from them?
71. What are your proudest accomplishments?
The technical investment banking questions
If you’re interviewing for a junior job in IBD, Matan Feldman at Wall Street Prep says technical knowledge is becoming increasingly important. This is echoed by other finance interview preparation professionals: banks want people who know the basics, even if you haven’t worked in finance (or studied finance) previously.
72 Define Beta.
Beta tells you how much the price of a given security moves relative to movements in the overall market. A Beta of 1 means that if the market moves, the stock moves in unison with the market. A Beta < 1 means that if the market moves a certain amount, the stock will move less than that amount. A Beta >1 means that if the market moves a certain amount, the stock will move more than that amount.
73. Give an example of a company with a high beta, a low beta and a negative beta?
74. How would you calculate beta for a company (see suggested answers here from Wall Street Prep)
75. Define CAPM
CAPM is the capital asset pricing model, and it is a model designed to find the expected return on an investment and therefore the appropriate discount rate for a company’s cash flows. It provides the required rate of return given the riskiness of the asset.
76. What’s WACC and how do you calculate it?
WACC is the weighted average cost of capital. To calculate it, you need to multiply the cost of each capital component (common stock, preferred stock, bonds and any other long-term debt) by its proportional weight and take sum of the results. WACC shows the average rate of return a company needs to compensate all its different investors. Click here for advice on how to calculate it.
77. What is accretion and dilution?
Accretion is asset growth through addition or expansion. Accretion can occur through a company’s internal development or by way of mergers and acquisitions. Dilution is a reduction in earnings per share of stock that occurs when additional shares are issued or the stock changes into convertible securities.
78. If two companies are trading at the same trailing P/E multiple, are they also trading at the same trailing EV/EBITDA multiple?
79. Walk me through a DCF…
A DCF proposes that the value of a productive asset equals the present value of its cash flows. You’ll also need to talk about relative valuation multiples, in which you value a company similar to its peers based upon measures like enterprise value/revenue, enterprise value/EBITDA, and the price/earningsratio.
80. Walk me through a DCF backwards
81. What are the different methods of valuation and what are their pros and cons?
The three methods are DCF, public comparables (comparing other publicly traded companies) vs. transaction comparables (similar companies that have been involved in previous transactions). Each has its advantages: a DCF shows the maximum a company is worth – not just the value the markets assign to it. The transaction comparables take into account the synergies that can be expected to flow from a deal. For more information, see this tutorial from NYU Stern. Click here for more information oncompany valuations.
82. How are the 3 financial statements linked?
Click here for Wall Street Prep’s suggested answer.
83. What is working capital?
Working capital is the amount of liquid assets a company has on hand. It amounts to current assets and cash minus current liabilities.
84. Walk me through the major line items of a Cash Flow Statement
Click here for Wall Street Prep’s suggested answer.
85. What is unlevered free cash flow. How do you calculate it?
86. What is DDM?
DDM is the dividend discount model of valuing a company.
87. Which is higher – the cost of equity or the cost of debt, and why?
The cost of equity is almost always higher than the cost of debt. This is mostly because debt holders have less risk than equity holders of not getting their money back and are therefore willing to accept lower returns. – Debt is secured against a company’s assets and is therefore less risky for the creditor, which can seize those assets if the company defaults. If a company goes bankrupt, debt holders receive proceeds of the liquidation ahead of equity holders. And debt holders receive interest on their investment in all situations (whereas equity holders are only paid dividends if the company is doing well). It helps too that debt is tax deductible.
88. Why should a company prefer equity finance to debt finance?
Equity financing is less risky (you won’t have to pay it back). You’ll have more cash on hand. You won’t have to channel profits into loan repayment. Your equity investors will have a longer term view. Your company will have more credibility. And you might get to tap your investors’ network to help you develop the business.
89. Tell me about a technology company. Now tell me who they should acquire and why.
90. Tell me about a recent deal you were interested in. Why?
91. How did they decide the ratio of cash to stock in the deal you like. What kinds of synergies were they looking at?
92. Walk me through the four valuation methods. Now ranking them in order of your preference. Explain why you’ve done this.
93. Which is more accretive? An all cash deal, or a deal financed 50% cash and 50% stock? Why?
94. How do you use a leveraged buyout (LBO) to value a company?
A leveraged buyout (LBO) acquires when a company is acquired using predominantly debt funding. The acquirer is usually a private equity firm which will invest a small amount of equity and use debt to finance the rest of the acquisition. The private equity fund relies upon the company’s cash flow and (or) asset sales to finance the debt. The value of the company is therefore the amount the private equity fund can afford to pay and still finance this debt. Click here for a good description of the process.
95. How do you account for stock-based compensation when valuing a company?
96. How do you boost returns in an LBO?
The key levers are: a lower purchase price, a higher exit price (when the company is sold on), increased leverage. improving the way the company operations, or getting cheap financing.
97. What’s a net operating loss (NOL)? How is this used?
This is when a company’s allowable tax deductions are greater than its income. An NOL can be carried backwards or forwards for accounting purposes.
98. How do you account for convertible bonds when you’re calculating enterprise value?
A convertible bond is a bond that can be converted into a predetermined number of shares, at the option of the bond holder. Enterprise value is a company’s market capitalization plus debt, minority interest and preferred shares, minus total cash and cash equivalents. If the convertible bonds are in-the-money (ie the conversion price of the bonds is below the current share price), they count as additional dilution to the Equity Value; if they’re out-of-the-money , just count the face value of the convertibles as debt.
99. What’s the Treasury Stock Method?
The treasury stock method is used to calculate the net increase in shares outstanding if in-the-money options and warrants were to be exercised. Click here for a fuller description of how it works.
100. Talk to me about a recent merger you have followed? What was the price paid for the target? Why did the acquiring company decide to buy at that price? If you were part of that deal team, what would you have done differently?
101. Give me the net present value of $1 with a 10% discount rate over 10 years.
102. Name me two companies that you think should consider merging. Why?
103. How would you value an apple tree?
104. How would you value an established industrials company vs. a tech start-up? Why?
105. Using this EBITDA and multiple please calculate the cash on cash return of this company.
The technical markets questions:
106. Talk me through options pricing
Options derive their prices from the value of other assets and are contingent upon specific events. The value of the option will depend on factors including: the value of the underlying asset; the variance in the value of the underlying asset, the strike price at which the option comes into effect, the time to the option’s expiration and the riskless interest rate relating to the option’s life. Click here for a detailed guide.
107. Walk me through how you might derive the Black-Scholes formula by using a real options approach.
108. Argue for the right discount rate to apply to 338-related amortization tax shields.
109. At what tax rate are you indifferent between raising debt or equity if you are a publicly traded company with debt at 115 and a 12% coupon and a stock with a P/E ratio of 12x?
110. What happens to the total enterprise (TEV) of a company that pays 10% annual dividends when it repurchases its shares using cash from its balance sheet? Does it matter if the shares are purchased before or after the dividend is declared? Does it matter if the shares are purchased before or after the dividend is paid? What if you use debt with an 8% yield to fund the purchases instead of balance sheet cash?
The culture questions
“Banks are increasingly realising that excellence isn’t just about making money,” says Logan Naidu at recruitment firm Dartmouth Partners. “Expect to be asked questions relating to banks’ own values and come with firm examples about how you’ve tackled ethical dilemmas.”
111. When have you worked in a bad team? Which steps did you take to make it better?
112. What is the most ethical decision you’ve ever had to make?
113. Give me an example of a person you think has integrity and explain why.
114. Give me an example of a person you think is credible and explain why.
115. How would you describe your leadership style?
116. What would you do if you did not have to work for money? How does that relate to this job?
117. Have you ever had to bend the rules to get the job done. Why was that?
118. Can you describe a situation in which you made a mistake and had to admit it to peers?
119. What kinds of people do you find it easiest to work with? Why?
120. How do you handle stress? Do you tend to make a lot of technical errors?
121. Why are you so special and what is one word that describes you best?
122. How would your classmates/colleagues describe you?
123. What’s the last book you read?
124. What is the riskiest thing you’ve ever done?
125. How would you spend $1m besides investing it?
126. Where do you see yourself in five years’ time?
127. What’s your favorite movie?
128. How would you rate yourself on a scale of 1-10? [Pause after answer.] I would say you’re a 2.
129. Explain the thought process behind your majors
130. You have 10 minutes before you’re due to give a presentation. What do you do?
131. Which qualities are important if you’re to work in investment banking?
